Diesel Exhaust

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Role of Ring Oxidation in the Metabolic Activation of 1-Nitropyrene

Research Report 46

Frederick A Beland

1991

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

Nitropyrenes are a class of chemicals found in diesel engine exhaust that can form DNA adducts and are suspected animal carcinogens. Dr. Beland at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences examined the relationship between DNA adducts and cancer in laboratory animals treated with 1-nitropyrene, the major nitropyrene present in diesel engine exhaust. The investigator used state-of-the-art techniques to study DNA adducts formed from 1-nitropyrene under different conditions of exposure, with an emphasis on identifying unique adducts that had not been recognized before.

The Effects of Exercise on Dose and Dose Distribution of Inhaled Automotive Pollutants

Research Report 45

Michael T Kleinman

William J Mautz

1991

Topics:

The human health effects that result from breathing air pollutants depend on the amount of pollutant inhaled from the air (exposure dose) and the amount of inhaled material that stays in the respiratory tract (retained dose). Because the retained dose of a pollutant may damage the respiratory tract and cause disease, it is a key factor for determining appropriate government regulations for air pollutants. Drs.

Retention Modeling of Diesel Exhaust Particles in Rats and Humans

Research Report 40

CP Yu

KJ Yoon

1991

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

Biological Methods

This report describes a study by Drs. Yu and Yoon to mathematically predict the lung burden in rats and humans of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) from automobile emissions. Building on a previously constructed model describing DEP deposition, the present work focused on clearance and retention of DEPs deposited in the lung. The transport rates of each component of DEPs were derived using experimental data and mathematical approximations. The complete model was first developed for rats and then extrapolated to humans of different age groups.

Oxidant Effects on Rat and Human Lung Proteinase Inhibitors

Research Report 37

David A Johnson

R Steve Winters

Kwan R Lee

Craig E Smith

1990

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

Nitrogen Oxides

This report describes a study by Dr. Johnson and colleagues to test the hypothesis that inhaled oxidants can cause lung damage by inactivating the proteinase inhibitors that normally protect the lung from proteolysis. In the first set of experiments, the functional activity of rat alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (á1-PI) was measured in rat lung lavage fluid from rats exposed acutely or chronically to varying concentrations of NO₂, diesel exhaust, O₃, and O₃ in conjunction with CO₂.

Markers of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Railroad Workers

Research Report 33

Marc B Schenker

Steven J Samuels

Norman Y Kado

S Katharine Hammond

Thomas J Smith

Susan R Woskie

1990

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

This report describes a study by Dr. Schenker and colleagues to investigate the usefulness of urinary mutagenicity as a biological marker of occupational diesel exhaust exposure. Personal exposure to diesel exhaust over 2 consecutive work shifts was monitored via personal air samplers in 87 railroad workers, with adjustment for first-hand and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Urine samples collected at the end of shifts were evaluated for mutagenicity and analyzed for any correlation with diesel exhaust exposure.

Metabolic Activation of Nitropyrenes and Diesel Particulate Extracts

Research Report 34

Alan M Jeffrey

Regina M Santella

Diana Wong

Ling-Ling Hsieh

Volker Heisig

George Doskocil

Soraya Ghayourmanesh

1990

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

This report describes a study by Dr. Jeffrey and colleagues to investigate the potential genotoxicity of components of diesel engine emissions using a variety of biological systems. In the first set of in vitro experiments, radiolabeled nitropyrenes were administered to DNA isolated from human bronchial tissue, mouse embryo fibroblasts, and rabbit tracheal tissue, and elution times were compared by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Antisera antibodies were also prepared against DNA modified by 1-nitrosopyrene to test for the presence of DNA adducts.

Respiratory Carcinogenesis of Nitroaromatics

Research Report 32

Richard C Moon

Kandala VN Rao

Carol J Detrisac

1990

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

This report describes a study by Dr. Moon and colleagues to investigate the carcinogenic potential of 1-nitropyrene, a mutagenic constituent of diesel exhaust particles, using a hamster respiratory-carcinogenesis model. Male hamsters were exposed to 1 or 2 mg of 1-nitropyrene via intratracheal administration either once or twice a week for 92 weeks. In order to study activity as a cocarcinogen, 1 or 2 mg of 1-nitropyrene was administered in combination with 0.25 mg of the known environmental carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene once per week for 92 weeks.

DNA Binding by 1-Nitropyrene and Dinitropyrenes in Vitro and in Vivo: Effects of Nitroreductase Induction

Research Report 31

Frederick A Beland

1989

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

This report describes a study by Dr. Beland to investigate the extents to which 1-nitropyrene and 1,6-dinitropyrene, two PAHs found in diesel exhaust, bind DNA in order to better understand the higher relative mutagenicity of 1,6-Dinitropyrene. DNA binding was determined in rats by assay of tissue isolated from a variety of organs. A subset of rats was pretreated with 1-nitropyrene to determine any effect on induction of nitroreductases and subsequent DNA binding by both nitropyrenes.

Investigation of a Potential Cotumorigenic Effect of the Dioxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur, and of Diesel-Engine Exhaust, on the Respiratory Tract of Syrian Golden Hamsters

Research Report 26

Uwe Heinrich

Ulrich Mohr

Rainer Fuhst

Carsten Brockmeyer

1989

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

Nitrogen Oxides

This report describes a study by Dr. Heinrich and colleagues to investigate the effects of exposure to NO₂ and SO₂ or diesel engine exhaust on tumor formation in hamsters. Hamsters were exposed for 6, 10.5, 15, or 18 months to whole diesel exhaust, diesel exhaust without particles, or a mixture of NO₂ and SO₂. Additional groups of animals exposed to each test atmosphere were also injected with 3 or 6 mg of diethylnitrosamine/kg body weight to evaluate any enhancing effect of diethylnitrosamine on exposure-related changes.

Potential Health Effects of Manganese in Emissions from Trap-Equipped Diesel Vehicles

Special Report

Health Effects Institute

1988

Topics:

Diesel Exhaust

The use of ceramic particulate traps, in conjunction with manganese fuel additives, has been viewed as a way to reduce emissions of particulate matter from diesel-fueled vehicles. This Special Report focuses on the potential health effects from increased public exposure to manganese emissions from such use.